PSG has now won the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward win in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after the French winger opened the scoring early on.
However, Marseille fired twice late to take a shock lead. First, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for PSG to complete a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.